{"id":14480,"date":"2026-07-29T10:25:57","date_gmt":"2026-07-29T10:25:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/?p=14480"},"modified":"2026-07-29T15:34:46","modified_gmt":"2026-07-29T15:34:46","slug":"mexicos-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/mexicos-constitution\/","title":{"rendered":"Mexico&#8217;s constitution"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This is the first draft of this note, which will focus on the Mexican upper house, known as the Senate of the Republic. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Politics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elections_in_Mexico\">Elections_in_Mexico<\/a> from wikipedia, or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2024_Mexican_general_election#Electoral_system\">Electoral system in Mexico (2024)<\/a> from Wikipedia&#8217;s 2024 Mexican Election page<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/portalanterior.ine.mx\/archivos3\/portal\/historico\/contenido\/The_Mexican_Electoral_System\/\">The_Mexican_Electoral_System<\/a> from the Institute Nacional Electoral (INE)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The President<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>There is now a term limit of one six year term. They have no Vice President. The president can be <a href=\"https:\/\/constitutionnet.org\/news\/recalling-mexican-presidents-recipe-presidential-accountability-or-political-instability\">recalled by referendum<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Mexico does not have a vice president. [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Mexico\">1<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Abolition:<\/strong> The position of vice president was officially abolished under the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Constitution of Mexico<\/a> in 1917. [<a href=\"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_President_of_Mexico\">1<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Historical context:<\/strong> The role existed intermittently under earlier constitutions starting in 1824, but it was permanently removed to prevent potential rivalries and coups against the sitting president. [<a href=\"https:\/\/kids.kiddle.co\/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice_President_of_Mexico\">2<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Succession:<\/strong> If the president is unable to serve or vacates the office, the Mexican Congress designates a temporary or substitute president according to constitutional guidelines rather than relying on a vice president<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Senate<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>GG says, that, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Mexico&#8217;s upper house, the <strong>Senate of the Republic<\/strong> (<em>Senado de la Rep\u00fablica<\/em>), has 128 members elected to serve six-year terms alongside the president. [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/asgp.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NOMJAVQTPUHRHJSUWNABMPOCBPJTUO.pdf\">2<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Senators are elected using a mixed electoral system combining direct plurality, first minority, and proportional representation: [<a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.claremont.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=4486&amp;context=cmc_theses\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mexico\/Government-and-society\">2<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/asgp.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NOMJAVQTPUHRHJSUWNABMPOCBPJTUO.pdf\">3<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Direct\/Relative Majority (64 seats):<\/strong> Two senators are elected from each of the 31 states and Mexico City (32 federal entities total) using a first-past-the-post or relative majority system. The winning party ticket in each state takes both seats. [<a href=\"https:\/\/aceproject.org\/ace-en\/topics\/es\/annex\/esy\/esy_mx\/mobile_browsing\/onePag\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/asgp.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NOMJAVQTPUHRHJSUWNABMPOCBPJTUO.pdf\">2<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>First Minority (32 seats):<\/strong> One additional seat is allocated to the first minority party (the runner-up party or coalition) in each of the 31 states and Mexico City. [<a href=\"https:\/\/asgp.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NOMJAVQTPUHRHJSUWNABMPOCBPJTUO.pdf\">1<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Proportional Representation (32 seats):<\/strong> The remaining 32 seats are distributed nationally via a single nationwide multi-member district based on the total proportional votes received by political parties using closed lists. [<a href=\"https:\/\/asgp.co\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/NOMJAVQTPUHRHJSUWNABMPOCBPJTUO.pdf\">1<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>On asking about how the senate vote was counted GG said,  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>No, the proportional representation (PR) seats in the Mexican Senate are not allocated using the d&#8217;Hondt method. [<a href=\"https:\/\/portalanterior.ine.mx\/archivos3\/portal\/historico\/recursos\/IFE-v2\/CNCS\/CNCS-25Preguntas\/CNCS-faq-docs\/2-RegimenElectMex-nov2009.pdf\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%27Hondt_method\">2<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead, Mexico uses a system of <strong>pure proportionality<\/strong> based on the <strong>Natural Quotient (<em>cociente natural<\/em>)<\/strong> and <strong>Largest Remainder (<em>resto mayor<\/em>)<\/strong> methods. [<a href=\"https:\/\/sil.gobernacion.gob.mx\/Glosario\/definicionpop.php?ID=210\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/portalanterior.ine.mx\/archivos3\/portal\/historico\/recursos\/IFE-v2\/CNCS\/CNCS-25Preguntas\/CNCS-faq-docs\/2-RegimenElectMex-nov2009.pdf\">2<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Allocation Process<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>The 32 PR Seats:<\/strong> The 32 national proportional representation senators are elected via a single nationwide multi-member district. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2021\/679057\/EPRS_BRI(2021)679057_EN.pdf\">1<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Natural Quotient (<em>Cociente Natural<\/em>):<\/strong> The total valid national vote cast for eligible parties is divided by the 32 available PR seats to establish the number of votes required to secure one seat. [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ieepco.org.mx\/biblioteca_digital\/SOMEE%202011\/%C3%81rea%20tem%C3%A1tica%2010\/Doger.%20El%20Senado%20mexicano.%20Su....pdf\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx\/bitstream\/handle\/123456789\/6399\/CI.%20108.pdf?sequence=1\">2<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/archive.ipu.org\/parline\/reports\/2212_B.htm\">3<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Largest_remainder_method\">Largest Remainder (<em>Resto Mayor<\/em><\/a>):<\/strong> Any remaining seats left unassigned after the initial natural quotient calculations are distributed to parties with the highest leftover vote remainders. [<a href=\"https:\/\/revistas.juridicas.unam.mx\/index.php\/hechos-y-derechos\/article\/view\/6815\/8751\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ieepco.org.mx\/biblioteca_digital\/SOMEE%202011\/%C3%81rea%20tem%C3%A1tica%2010\/Doger.%20El%20Senado%20mexicano.%20Su....pdf\">2<\/a>]<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Threshold:<\/strong> Parties must win at least 3% of the national valid vote to participate in this proportional distribution. [<a href=\"https:\/\/laboratorioelectoral.mx\/leer\/La_representacion_proporcional_en_Mexico\">1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)\">2<\/a>]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">House of Representatives\/Chamber of Deputies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>It consists of 500 member,, which is just under the \u221b rule, if one doesn&#8217;t count their overseas citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>The featured image is, By Dirk Ingo Franke &#8211; Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=45177608\">via wikipedia<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is the first draft of this note, which will focus on the Mexican upper house, known as the Senate of the Republic.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14483,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","_share_on_mastodon":"0"},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"share_on_mastodon":{"url":"https:\/\/mastodon.social\/@davelevy_eu\/117002781239912229","error":""},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/mexicannationalpalace-1280px-Wikimania_2015_cc-by-sa.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14480","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14480"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14480\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14500,"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14480\/revisions\/14500"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14483"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14480"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14480"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/davelevy.info\/wiki\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14480"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}